Not all types of photo need a camera. The Photogram is a photo taken on light sensitive paper by placing objects on top of it and shining light onto them. The objects create a shadow, which is captured, forming the brighter areas.
Many artists have used these methods especially Moholy-Nagy and Man Ray, whose 'Rayograph' are one of the best known examples of the method.
On the 4th of May 2022, I took 2 photograms in the darkroom.
The first, which is overexposed, is of some photography equipment whereas the other is of my watch. I had to be careful to get the exposure right- there was no timer and it was precarious. I then developed and fixed the pictures, and took them home.
The other way of taking photos without a camera is a pinhole camera: a black box with a small hole in the front which can be opened and shut. This also uses photosensitive paper. It works because light enters through the pinhole and to the opposite position on the back of the box, as it travels in a straight line. This makes the pictures inverted.